이 문서는 "Japan Inside Out"의 저작재산권자이신 고 이승만 박사의 양손자께 '저작권 이용허락'을 받아 올리는 문서입니다. 이에 따르면 우남위키 사무국은 "Japan Inside Out"을 우남위키 상에만 게시할 수 있고, 우남위키 회원들만 이 문서에 주석을 붙여 연구할 수 있습니다.

따라서 이 문서는 다른 우남위키 문서와 달리 다른 온라인 사이트에 게시하지 못합니다. 만약 이 문서를 무단으로 다른 온라인 사이트에 게시할 경우 해당 게시자는 법적 책임을 물어야 할 수도 있습니다.

이용허락의 제한은 "Japan Inside Out" 본문에만 해당합니다. 회원들이 붙인 주석은 우남위키 고유의 창작물이므로 그 이용에 제한이 없습니다.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

At the outset，I want to say that my motive in presenting this volume was not for war but for peace. In this respect I have been often misunderstood. Some of my friends ask me now and then， while discussing Oriental problems，“Do you want the United States to go to war with Japan?" No. On the contrary，I wanted the United States to avert conflict with Japan by checking her，before it was too late. That is what I want to tell in this book.

I am a pacifist，in the general sense of the word，by temperament and religion. I was raised in a Confucian family and educated in a Confucian school. Confucius placed war beyond the pale of civilization，for the rule of force is the rule of barbarians.

Korea enjoyed a high standard of Oriental civilization for more than four thousand years. Peace was the guiding principle of the nation in philosophy，politics，and poetry; and it was the household word in its everyday life. The very name of the nation，given by its founder，Tan Kun，in 2317B.C. and renewed by the ensuing dynasty; Ki Cha，1122B.C.，was the Land of the Morning Calm (Peace). Instead of saying among themselves，“How do you do?" “Good-bye，'’ etc.，the Koreans say，“'Are you in peace?" “Go in peace，" “Peace be with you，"etc. Born and raised in that atmosphere，I was naturally a man of peace.

But with the advent ofWestern civilization came the Western idea of military conquest and superior modern weapons of war. Japan，as an apt pupil of the West，soon equipped herself with the modern instruments and Western military mentality. When she was fully ready, she came，bowed，and asked for our good will by saying， “Please make friends with us，as we are your next-door neighbor. All the nations of the world throw their doors wide open to one another. They have international law and also international treaties to protect all nations，weak as well as strong. Please do not suspect，but trust，us."

The conservative Korean government，having a childlike faith in the treaties，by which all the leading powers promised to protect them in time of need，opened everything to the Japanese without preparing for national defense. It was in 1895，soon after the close of the first Sino-Japanese war，that I came to realize the danger and undertook to inform the nation of the imminent menace to our independent existence. I started the first daily newspaper in Korea，through the columns of which I did all I could to cause our people to know what the Japanese and the Russians， the two rival forces， were trying to do. In co-operation with many patriotic leaders，we succeeded in arousing a sufficient number of people to join with us in inaugurating a national defense program.

Unfortunately for Korea，the government was unable to understand the situation and tried to suppress the nationalist movement. After a long struggle between the conservative party and the nationalist party，the former succeeded in crushing the latter，and，consequently, I soon found my self, together with many others，landed in jail，where I spent nearly seven years.

When the Russo-Japanese war broke out in 1904，the nationalist party got into power temporarily，and they let me out of the prison. As I walked out of the old iron gate of Kamoksu，the Seoul prison， the Russian influence in the Korean court had crumbled . The Japanese，who won the moral support of the Western nations by posing as champions of the independence of Korea，were already tightening their death grip on the very life of that country，their ally. The new Korean government tried to send me as a special envoy to the United Stales for the purpose of asking the United States to “use its good offices" against Japan. But，to its dismay，the Korean government discovered that the Japanese had already closed every possible loophole and no direct appeal for help could be sent to the outside world. The Japanese，who had been known up to that time as friends of the Korean nationalist party，were closely watching me in every move I made. I managed to leave Korea hurriedly for America in early November，1904. The Japanese did not know that I had brought with me several important diplomatic communications from Prince Min and General Hahn. That is，however，another story，for which I have no place here.

I make this personal reference in order to show that I was in a position to see from behind the scenes what was carefully kept from the gaze of the outside world. No clairvoyance or far-sighted statesmanship was required to foretell what was to come. In fact， every educated Japanese knew then，as they know now，what to expect，and when. The difference was that they would not tell.

Naturally，I attempted to tell many things to the American people. I soon discovered that the mass of the people in this country in 1905 were just as unaware of the situation as the Koreans had been ten years before. I discovered also that there were eminent Americans who were highly enlightened on the subject and were equally anxious to disseminate the facts to their fellow citizens，but they could do nothing because public sentiment was so overwhelmingly pro -Japanese that no one would believe that these unfavorable statements about Japan could be true. Consequently， our warnings were but voices in the wilderness.

To refer to Korea again. If the Koreans had seen Japan in 1894 as they saw her in 1592，the year of Hideyoshi's unsuccessful invasion of Korea，they could have saved their country and themselves from the plight in which they find themselves today. On the other hand， if the American people had seenJapan in 1894 and 1904 as they see her today，they would have looked askance at Japan’s annexation of Korea，and would have tried to meet Japanese expansion of sea power，which now offers a powerful threat on the other side of the Pacific.

These painful experiences are reviewed here in the hope of warning the United States to watch Japan. Therefore，I believe all Americans should know what they are now confronting. They should know that the things which they could have averted years ago by saying a few simple words or showing a firm attitude at the right time cannot be averted so easily now. This problem must be settled，and the sooner it is settled the better.

Postponement is not a settlement. The forest fire will not extinguish itself. It is drawing nearer day by day. Years ago you heard but faint whispers of impending trouble. It was so far away. It seamed as if it might be on Mars，or some other planet. Later on，you saw columns of smoke rising at a distance，or perhaps a glow of the flames reflected on the clouds，or，at times，even heard the roaring or crackling of burning trees. Yet it was still far enough away to cause you no worry or alarm. Now that is all changed. You already begin to feel the heat. It is coming too close for your comfort. You must move from your own home or your own business because it is dangerous for you to ignore it longer. You must give up the international settlements in the Orient. You must lose your business investments， mission stations，universities，hospitals，and any and all other institutions that are yours. You must not carry on war games in the Pacific，because the Japanese say that the Pacific is their "back yard." You do not know what to do with the Philippine Islands，because the Japanese may want them. You must not fortify or even talk about fortifying any of your island outposts，because the Japanese will object. And that is not all. Even in your own homeland，you must not enact any law to regulate the influx of their nationals，because they say it is an insult to their race. And when they deliberately bomb and sink your ships，you must not criticize them，because they are a proud and sensitive race and their feelings may be hurt. These are some of the things which have actually been happening. Can you still believe the forest fire is far away? Can you still say “Let the Koreans， the Manchurians，and the Chinese fight their own fight; it is none of our business"?

In this book I will endeavor to answer these perplexing questions. The answers will be found，perhaps，not in what I say，but rather in the events which have actually taken place. With this in view，we will not interest ourselves in the Sino-Japanese conflict as a whole， but only in a certain phase of the conflict that affects foreigners in general and Americans in particular.

As the ever advancing，irresistible war machine moves along，it leaves in its wake the wreckage of civilization and humanity. It keeps on moving to more and greater destruction. A terrified world stands aghast and asks，“Why and what does all this mean? Why are they doing all this?" It means just this: the Mikado in the East and the Fascists and Nazis in the West are bent on conquering the world. As they have great mechanized armies，they believe they are destined to rule the world.

Ⅰ JAPAN'S "DIVINE MISSION" AND WAR PSYCHOLOGY

In order to save democracy the American people must face the world situation and act quickly and co-operate with all the peoples of the world struggling to retain their liberty or to regain their lost freedom. The United States must take an active leading part in all the great world issues which involve the peace and safety not only of the Western Hemisphere but of the world. There will be no peace and safety in the world so long as it remains half democratic and half totalitarian. It must be one or the other. The maintenance of democracy in the world depends upon how the American people act at this time. It is a tremendous task to be sure. It would have been much easier even a decade or two ago, but the Americans have been sleeping, while the totalitarian nations were preparing. If America insists on continuing with a false idea of peace, there will be no escape.

The American government and the people are at last partly awake and are now pushing ahead with necessary material preparations as fast as possible. Yet material equipment alone is not sufficient. The importance of preparing the American public to meet the inevitable and unavoidable menace cannot be overestimated. Japan knew long ago the value of mental power and has been busily engaged in training the nation’s mind. Today she is far superior to any nation in the world except Germany in the development of war psychology. Some of the ideas expressed here sound fantastic and ridiculous to practical Western minds. It seems incredible for the people of a “modernized" nation to believe in such incongruous and mythical fabrications, but the point is that they do believe them, and millions are willing and ready to die to prove their faith. With this spiritual equipment, plus an “ invincible" army and navy, they are determined to conquer the world. We who are trying not to be conquered should take special interest in studying the idea of “divinity" back of Japanese rulers.

The Japan Advertiser printed a translation of an editorial in the Japanese vernacular newspaper Niroku on May 9, 1919, as follows:

“To preserve the world’'s peace and promote the welfare of mankind is the mission of the Imperial Family of Japan. Heaven has invested the Imperial Family with all the necessary qualifications to fulfill this mission. He who can fulfill this mission is one who is the object of Humanity's admiration and adoration, and who holds the prerogative of administration forever. The Imperial Family of Japan is as worthy of respect as God, and is the embodiment of benevolence and justice. The great principle of the Imperial Family is to make popular interests paramount- most important. The Imperial Family of Japan is the parent, not only of her sixty millions, but of all mankind on earth. In the eyes of the Imperial Family, all races are one and the same. It is above all racial considerations. All human disputes, therefore, may be settled in accordance with its immaculate justice. The League of Nations, proposed to save mankind from horrors of war, can attain its real object only by placing the Imperial Family of]apan at its head, for to attain its object the League must have a strong punitive force and a supernational and super-racial character; and this force can be found only in the Imperial Family of Japan."

The title “ Emperor" for their ruler is a misnomer. The Japanese do not call him emperor but Tenno, the Heavenly King. Every time they mention this word Tenno, they bow their heads or doff their hats. They do not class him with the emperors and kings of nations. He is above them all. He is a superior being. His sanctity is proclaimed in all official statements} in the national history for every school. Scholars, philosophers, lawyers, and writers, all teach and preach this all-important doctrine. Even great Christian leaders educated in the West, such as the late Inazo Nitobe, declare the ruler of Japan is “ the bodily representative of Heaven and Earth."

More ardent patriots trace the divine origin to the creation of the earth. According to this tale of Japanese mythology; the gods Izanagi and Izanami united in marriage and gave birth to the Japanese islands. The islands, therefore, are different from the rest of the earth. Then they gave birth to the sun goddess Amaterasu} whose direct descendant became the ruler of Japan. The first emperor was the deity Jimmu Tenno. The story of the birth of the Japanese Islands related in The Japanese Nationalist Bible is as follows:

“The holy couple, Izanagi and Izanami, were ordered by other gods to give birth to the drifting land from the bridge of high heaven, and the male god thrust his jeweled spear into the primeval brine. From the coagulation which took place, the Islands of Japan were formed, and from the drops that fell from the spear the rest of the world came into being. Therefore, all nations should be grateful to Japan, because to the creation of Japan the world owes its existence..."

This is by no means the end of the divinity story. Japanese divinity does not stop with the Emperor and the land. The people are also a part of it. The aborigines of Japan were all gods and goddesses, and from them descended the present Yamato race, Seed of the Sun. All other mortals are of lower orders. From the divine descent of the Japanese people “proceeds their immeasurable superiority to the natives of other countries in courage and intelligence:’

Every Japanese is taught to believe he is more or less a god, because he belongs to this divine race, Yamato. Every child grows up with the belief that (1) Japan’'s Emperor is the only divine ruler, (2) Japan is the only divine land, (3) Japan’'s people are the only divine people and, therefore, Japan must be the light of the world. A soldier who dies in battle, or a patriot who sacrifices his life for the Emperor, automatically becomes a full god and joins the great family of gods in the Lotus heaven. The so-called Imperial Genealogy was invented about 700 A. D. and completed only. seventy years ago, when the Shogunate was abolished and the Emperor was restored to power. How the story originated matters very little to the Japanese. All now believe in the divinity of their Emperor, their land, and their people. No doubt this is the great uniting and driving force behind the Japanese race- "each unimportant in himself but all together omnipotent:’ In this sense, “Japan is a war machine of seventy million gods." In recent years, while all other faiths have been crumbling, this Shintoistic doctrine has grown supreme. The government has ordered the Christian churches in Japan and Korea to transfer administrative responsibility to the Japanese and has imposed other restrictions. In a wireless dispatch to The New York Times from Tokyo, on August 28, 1940, Hugh Byas wrote, in part:

“The movement for the eradication of foreign influence from Japanese Christianity is progressing rapidly. A purely national Church, tentatively named the Genuine Japan Christian Church, is being organized. Efforts are being made to have the new Church formally constituted October 17 at the 2,600th anniversary of the traditional date of the founding of the Japanese Empire by the Sun Goddess.“The movement is part of the present wave of extreme nationalism that is sweeping Japan, but the Japanese Christians deny hostility to American or other missionaries. The amalgamation is advocated as a means of making up for the loss of foreign donations:"

We who believe in the freedom of religion may have no business to dig into other people’s religious faith. If they want to believe that their Emperor, land, people, and even all the living creatures in Japan are divine, it is their privilege and we have nothing to say. After all, the theory of the divine origin of man sounds better than the Western idea of evolution from anthropoid ancestry. Let them believe, to their hearts' content, that they are superior because of their heavenly origin. But that is not all. It is the basis of their claims to the world domination under the rule of their Mikado. Since their Mikado is the only heavenly king, the logical conclusion is that he is the only rightful ruler of the universe and that his army and navy are sent to save the world. There should be but one sun in all the heavens and but one ruler in all this mundane sphere. World peace so much desired can be obtained only through Japanese sovereignty. It is Japan’s heaven-ordained mission to establish “a new order in Asia," and that is why "Japan is the only stabilizing force in the Far East." At present it is the part of caution that the Japanese modify their claims by confining themselves to Asia and the Far East. But they will soon extend “the new order in Asia" to “a new world order," and “a stabilizing power in the Far East" to a “stabilizing power on the entire earth." The Imperial rescript of Emperor Jimmu, which, according to the Japanese military textbook,“ has been given to us an everlasting and categorical imperative," says,“ We shall build our capital all over our dominion, because we are ordained by heaven to save the entire world from chaos and ruin:'

Yosuke Matsuoka, then chief of the South Manchurian Railways, stated in 1931: “ It is my conviction that the mission of the Yamato race is to prevent the human race from becoming devilish, to rescue it from destruction and lead it to the world of light:' Count Futara recently declared in the House of Peers that the racial spirit of Japan alone can save the world from the chaos into which it has fallen. Japanese vernacular newspapers unhesitatingly claim that the souls of their dead soldiers, deified by the Emperor in special ceremonies, are fighting with the living in the invasion of China today. The wind that changed its direction just in time to enable the Japanese troops to land in Shanghai was believed to be an act of their gods, as they were engaged in a “ holy war to bring together all the races of the world into one happy accord;' which “ has been the ideal and national aspiration of the Japanese since the very foundation of our empire .... We also aspire to make a clean sweep of injustice and inequality from the earth and to bring about everlasting happiness among mankind ... :' Therefore, according to their interpretation, their crusade is being waged against all the unholy elements of the West. In that sense, their war against the West is not only military, but essentially religious and political.

Religiously, we have already seen the crusade against foreign missionaries and Christian churches to establish the Shintoistic idea of emperor worship as the supreme national religion. This war will be waged in all the territories under their control so long as they are left unchecked. In their philosophy of life, there should be but one supreme religion; two or more religions or religious ideas, conflicting with one another in one nation, destroy peace. 50 the proposed new order is a crusade against freedom of religion.

Politically, the democratic idea of freedom and equality is diametrically opposed to the Japanese system of government. The ruling class, belonging to heaven, must be as high as the heavens above the mass of people. No individual liberty can be allowed to disrupt this order of nature. According to this principle of government, freedom of the press and freedom of speech are just as dangerous to the political organism of Japan as poison is to the human lung. Openly to criticize or condemn the chief executive of a nation, as is done in America, is unheard of in Japan. The practice of strikes as a part of the recognized exercise of individual rights is regarded as an evil in the social and economic life of the nation. To call the head of a nation a “public servant" and to call his official residence the White House instead of a white palace is a sign of confusion and disorder. This and many other things must be destroyed, because they are part of democratic principles and as such influence some Japanese liberals and the people of subject races against the imperial rule of Japan. In this sense, the Japanese crusade is being waged against the democratic system of government in America.

In the light of all their wonderful achievements during the last half century, there is small wonder that they became cocky. They are human, like the rest of us. They are a small folk, small in body and brain, circumscribed in their small island world for centuries. Suddenly the heavens opened like a fairy story and they were brought face to face with a new world, new civilization, and new ways of life. A fish raised in a bowl suddenly dropped into a vast lake could not feel freer. The most wonderful of all was that the new war instruments of civilized man, with all his military tactics and technics, tumbled into their laps as if from heaven above. Note how many military victories they have scored since! How can they help being megalomaniac? Are they not “invincible"? The entire world was united in singing their praises. If they told the nations to shut their eyes and see nothing but what they showed them, the world, with all its education and intelligence, would fail to see the traps and snares carefully laid for them. Abraham Lincoln’'s famous saying, “You cannot fool all the people all the time," does not seem to hold true here. The Japanese have been fooling the people for the last half century, and now, at last, they have thrown off their sheep skin and revealed their wolf fangs. A large part of the world still refuses to believe. Yet have not Japanese been insulting the flags of the Western Powers, which the Western peoples salute and respect as the sacred emblems of their respective nations? Have not Japanese militarists been kicking, ripping, slapping, and destroying the lives and properties of the citizens of the United States and of Great Britain for the last three years in China, not to mention what they did before? But the Western Powers are apparently helpless, and their long-established supremacy is crumbling before the armies of the Mikado. It is the gods, the ancestors of their rulers, who brought about these wonderful things in the past and who hold many more wonderful things in store for them, the Japanese believe.

Out of this Shintoistic mysticism they have gradually developed a peculiar psychology of war combined with an extreme sense of patriotism. Having been confined in their island world ever since the creation, and their every attempt to secure a foothold beyond the seas during all the past centuries having been frustrated by the people of the mainland of Asia, their hereditary national ambition was naturally a military conquest overseas. The wish is father to the thought. Out of their wish they developed this war-making mentality, which, in turn, produced the proud warrior race of the Samurai. Later, the opening of the country to intercourse with the Western Powers brought into their minds the idea of nationalism and patriotism which was highly developed in the Western world. While adopting all the Western ideas of life, they accepted chauvinism unreservedly and gave to it the place formerly held by the idea of loyalty to their feudal lords which prevailed in the old days of the Shogunate.

Side by side with the Shintoistic idea of emperor worship has grown the “cult of war." With national expansion as its objective, the practice of warrior worship has become almost a religion. Born and raised in that atmosphere, and educated and inculcated with patriotic militarism, every Japanese has the same attitude toward the Emperor and the Empire-to die for them is the highest glory on earth. What effect these teachings have on their everyday life can be seen in the following few excerpts from The Literary Digest of July 18, 1936:

"The peculiar psychology of the Japanese fanatical patriots is illustrated in the story of Colonel Saburo Aizawa, who, in August, 1935, cut to death with his saber the Director General of Military Affairs, Tetsuzan Nagata. The significant part of his act is to be seen in his testimony given before the court in his trial. He said he had prayed before his act in the two most sacred shrines of Japan, as he believed that he was to ‘act on command of a higher power and as a most loyal subject to the Emperor.’ He further stated in self-justification: ‘Young girls in the district where 1 was born no longer like to work on the farms, there is no opportunity to bring up serious minded young men. Mah-jong and cafés are becoming intolerable. When 1 saw this, the teachings on which 1 had been brought up to give up everything for the Emperor burst out and encouraged me:’ He shouted to the audience to ‘repent and believe in the absolute power of the Emperor,’ and wept when a petition in his favor, written in the blood of the signers, was submitted to the court."

As a result of the famous Young Army Revolution of 1936, sixteen army officers and one civilian were executed by firing squads. The verdict of the court was based, not on the crime of assassinating their government Ministers} but on their refusal to obey the Emperor’s command to surrender. Their crimes were condoned on the ground that they were committed with noble and patriotic motives. The son of Takahashi, the eighty-one-year-old statesman assassinated by the army revolutionists} when interviewed} expressed his sentiments in the following words:

"My father cut the army budget. If the assassins were right, 1 must hold them blameless. If what they did will benefit my country, I cannot regret my father’s death. Much more serious than the slaying of a few statesmen was their subsequent act of refusing to obey when the Emperor’s edict was brought to them, etc..."

When they were summoned to yield, one captain killed himself and another shot himself in the head} but failed to die. All the 123 convicted men were members of ultra-patriotic societies which abound in Japan to study, pray, and plan methods of leading their empire to a higher destiny.

As late as January 5, 1941, Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka declared in a radio address to Japanese communities abroad, mainly in the South Sea islands, that "...this is not my desire alone; it is the desire of all Japanese. The ideal of the founder of our empire-‘all mankind under one roof' -should be made the ideal of all mankind...Those ideals are interwoven into our alliance with Germany which is the guiding spirit of our foreign policy."

So far, we have seen clearly that this formidable army of teeming millions, mechanically and mentally equipped, are forcing themselves rapidly and irresistibly upon the world. In addition, they are capable of using one group of white nations against another group to exhaust, if not destroy, all the major Powers of the West. The Western Powers, selfish and jealous of one another, believing that they are serving their own purposes, are only serving the purpose of those who desire to conquer them all.

However, the war lords in Tokyo, overconfident of the invincibility of their army and the divinity of their rulers, have overlooked one vital factor in their calculation. They have failed to take into consideration the latent power of resistance they have unconsciously created in the hearts of their conquered peoples. Twenty-three million Koreans at their own doorstep are today their bitterest enemies. Disarmed and disorganized, they have constantly broken out in open revolts, despite the barbarous Japanese methods of suppression and repression. They will rise again in a nation-wide revolution at the first opportunity, as they did in the Passive Uprising of 1919. The 450,000,000 Chinese, once reputed to be hopelessly divided among themselves, are today standing as one man in resisting the Japanese. These miracles have been achieved by the Japanese themselves. The two nations, China and Korea, were hereditary allies, and now their alliance has been renewed. All they need is a sufficient supply of war machines and war materials. It has already been demonstrated that as long as they have weapons with which to fight, they can take care of the Japanese.

To utilize this enormous man power, by furnishing it with supplies, is to keep the United States out of war, so far as the Pacific is concerned. The open Japanese threats of war against the United States are only a bluff. They know too well that it would be suicidal for them to plunge into war with the United States, while Great Britain and China are menacing the Axis line-up from both ends. Adequate and continued material assistance to China will now, without doubt, keep Japan too deeply engrossed to consider further conquest. "Armageddon," which I saw in its embryo thirty-five years ago and against which 1 have been trying all these years to warn the American people, may thus be averted.

Ⅱ TANAKA MEMORIAL

Cooped up in a small group of islands, Japan's traditional ambition has been territorial expansion. Korea and China knew it. For the peace of the Far East they had their own traditional policy, which was to keep the islanders in their own islands. Japan's repeated invasions of Korea as first steps toward the conquest of the mainland of Asia met with failure. The last and most destructive war of Hideyoshi, “the Napoleon of Japan," 1592, although he was completely defeated by the Sino-Korean allied armies, left Korea so helplessly devastated that it never completely recovered. From that time on to 1876 the isolation of Korea was so air-tight that not a Japanese or Chinese was allowed to enter the country without special permit. Thus the Land of the Morning Calm managed to maintain its calm and earned its sobriquet, the "Hermit Kingdom."

The warriors of the Samurai race, though defeated and repulsed by the allied troops of Korea and China after the Hideyoshi invasion, never ceased to cherish their dream of “world conquest." Their idea of the world never extended beyond the continent of Asia, “within the Four Seas."

The new era altered all this by bringing the West to meet the East. At first, the East resisted. It soon discovered, to its great surprise, a superior civilization beyond “the Four Seas" and bowed. While the Chinese and Koreans, scholarly minded, were beginning to study Western philosophy, literature, and religion in comparison with theirs，the ambitious Samurai saw at once the superiority of the lethal weapons of the Westerners and adapted them to their own purposes. Slowly the wish to adopt and equip themselves with these modern armaments so as to conquer the world dawned in their minds as the rising sun dawns on their islands.

In 1894，Japan suddenly attacked China，unprepared and unsuspecting，and with the aid of new weapons and of the United States and Great Britain，she came near to the realization of her traditional dream by defeating the giant Empire of China. Flushed with victory，she rushed secret preparations for another war, and in 1904 she was ready to tackle Russia. Prior to the outbreak of this war， the Japanese government proposed，and the Korean government agreed，to sign a defensive and offensive alliance，by which Korea was to open the Peninsula for the Japanese troops to march through，and by which Japan solemnly pledged to withdraw her troops from Korea when peace should be restored. With that understanding，a Korean national army marched side by side with the Japanese army to fight the Russians in Manchuria. When the war was over, however, Japan，in open violation of her pledged words，filled the country with her victorious army returning from the China border and betrayed her ally by robbing it of its independence and robbing its people of their land. In 1910，she declared the formal annexation of Korea.

This act of international banditry and outlawry was perpetrated by Japan with the full sanction and approval of the civilized nations of the world which had solemnly pledged themselves to help Korea in time of need. The first of these treaties was signed between the United States and Korea in 1882. The first article of this treaty contained what is known as the amity clause，which reads as follows:

"If other powers deal unjustly or oppressively with either government， the other will exert their good offices，on being informed of the case， to bring about an amicable arrangement，thus showing their friendly feelings."

All the leading European powers，following the example of the United States，made commercial treaties with Korea. Each of these treaties included the amity clause. They have never been abrogated， nor their legality questioned. In 1905，only twenty-three years later, the United States used its “good offices," not for Korea，according to its treaty covenants，but for Japan，which was dealing “unjustly and oppressively" with Korea in open violation of her sacred promise. This was the spark which started the conflagration.

During the World War，the German government was universally condemned for calling international treaties “scraps of paper," but Germany was only practicing what the American government did nine years before. It is highly significant that such a tiny little fire -a flame of international injustice -started in a remote corner of the earth，has spread so rapidly that many nations in the West，as well as those in the East，have been reduced to ruin and others are threatened with the same fate. The very nation whose violation of her treaties with Korea the United States condoned is now violating all the treaties and agreements she has made with the United States. And now the American people are facing a peril to their peace and security which，all unwittingly, they helped to create.

As early as 1895，soon after Japan’s victory over China，I heard the Japanese talking about Dai Dong Hap Bang (the United States of the Great East)，under the hegemony of Japan of course. And later I read a book under the title of Il Mi Chun Chang Mi Rai Ki (Japanese-American War in the Future). I have in my possession now a book written in Japanese by a high Japanese naval authority，predicting a war between the United States and Japan. I picked it up from the bookcase of a Korean family in San Francisco in 1934.

The great victories they won were bound to have an effect on the minds of the Japanese. They began to believe that they were invincible. The whole nation was convinced that so long as it was trained and equipped，it could carry its conquests in the West as well as in the East. Out of this national dream came into existence what was later known as the Tanaka Memorial. The idea of world conquest，as incorporated in that document，was by no means new. It was the nation’'s hereditary ambition put into new language，with its scope widened. This policy，which was made familiar to every Japanese，so that the whole nation would be solidly behind it，was to be kept from the knowledge of Westerners，especially Americans. That is why the Japanese have vigorously denied the authenticity of the Tanaka document. They may deny as they wish. Their actions speak more loudly than their words.

According to Mark J. Gayn，whose article appeared under the topic，"Japan’s Blue Print," in The Washington Post on April 10，1941，

"Matsuoka’s talks，naturally，were on matters of high policy-but whether this policy meant peace or war for the Pacific no one would tell."

No one，that is，except a nameless Korean who more than a decade ago stole，copied，or forged what has become a blue print of Japan's long-term policy. Little is known of the Korean. Three years ago，Chinese political agents in Shanghai told me he was somewhere in Central China hiding from the long arm of the Japanese secret service. If he has not been assassinated since，he must have migrated inland with hundreds of other Korean revolutionaries and soldiers of fortune.

"Some time between 1927 and 1931，the Korean served as a clerk in the office of the Japanese premier.... The memorial was highly secret but， somehow，the Korean clerk managed to lay his hands 0n the document and copy it. A shrewd man，he realized the explosive possibilities of the memorial and decided to capitalize on it. As every Korean，he nursed little love for Japan."

"Some time in 1931，he approached the Chinese government with the offer to sell a highly confidential Japanese document. On September 24，1931，five days after Japan invaded Manchuria，the Chinese returned Tanaka’'s name to world headlines by publishing the Korean’'s document. The moment could not have been chosen better，for the conquest of Manchuria was one of the major steps outlined in the memorial."

"Of course，the Japanese promptly and vehemently denied its authenticity by saying that it was a forgery，either manufactured by the Chinese propaganda bureau or sold by a Korean forger."

"Foreign newspapermen and diplomatic officials took another look at the ‘Tanaka Memorial.’ They were still prepared to take Japan’'s word that it was a forgery，but they were forcibly struck by its close adherence to the pattern of Japanese aggression. The further south the Japanese juggernaut rolled，the more remarkable the Korean document began to look. The Korean might have been a forger，but if he was，he was then endowed with a gift of prophecy not given to ordinary man."

Baron Tanaka’s secret memorial is to Japan what Hitler’s Mein Kampf is to Germany. Both were written ，not as prophecy，predicting what would come to pass，but as a military blue print for remapping the world. Hitler knew that the world would not take his book seriously，and if it did，he did not care. Millions read it and scoffed at the audacity of a madman. Meanwhile，he went ahead，step by step. Europe is now under his thumb.

Baron Tanaka，on the other hand，knew that Japan had to move stealthily until she was strong enough to come out in the open. For that reason he kept the memorial secret. One copy of the document was smuggled out of Japan and made public. The American people were not prepared to accept it as a revelation ofJapan’s military aims. Most Americans disregarded it，just as most Europeans disregarded Hitler’s book. The Japanese official denial of its authenticity was taken as a statement of fact.

However，the world situation has altered rapidly during recent years. The continents of Europe and Asia are being remapped，with no end of the process in sight. Great changes have taken place. They are a partial realization of Baron Tanaka’'s predictions. Certain statements in the memorial are very significant:

"For settling the difficulties in Eastern Asia，Japan must adopt a policy of iron and blood.... In order to conquer the world，Japan must conquer Europe and Asia, in order to conquer Europe and Asia，Japan must conquer China.... In the future，if we wish to control China，the primary move is to crush the United States.... If we succeed in conquering China， the rest of the Asiatic countries and the South Sea countries will fear us and surrender to us..."

In the light of the Sino-Japanese conflict，it is all too evident that the complete subjugation of China is an integral part of Japan’s design. Although she is still far from succeeding in that grandiose scheme，its repercussions are shaking the world.

Whenever militarists overestimate their own power，it is the beginning of their downfall. The Japanese are no exception. They were so sure of their invincibility that they made two great blunders in their China campaign.

First, they failed to estimate correctly the latent but awakening spirit of Chinese patriotism. Japanese bomb and machine-gun raids, more than anything else, achieved the miracle. They aroused in the Chinese a determined spirit of unity and resistance. The mighty Nipponese army bogged down. In the main, invasion, so far, has succeeded little beyond the coast. It should be recalled that whenJapan was about to unmask herself in 1936, she was ready to spring upon any of the major powers of the West. Russia’'s timely preparation for her defense along the Siberian border forced the Japanese to change their tactics and attack China. An easy victory in China would have enabled them to launch a major campaign against the United States with all the man power and material resources of a conquered China at their command. The plan was to be executed while Hitler and Mussolini were confining British resistance to Europe and the Mediterranean, thus furnishing a heaven-sent opportunity for Japan to stab the United States in the back. A sudden attack on America, while Americans were unprepared and unaware, would have put Japan in an advantageous position for carrying on the rest of the campaign. But first it was necessary to subjugate China.

Second, the Japanese started too soon to close the “Open Door" Made overconfident by their quick successes early in the undeclared war on China, they undertook at once to oust all white men and their businesses, and to make Japanese control over China complete. They knew well enough that no Western Power, or Powers, would go to war with them in order to maintain the “Open Door" and measures short of war did not much concern them. But their calculations were wrong. If, instead of adopting this terrorist method, they had patiently followed the slow-moving, underhanded process which they had used so effectively in seizing Korea, they would doubtless have met with greater success. When her forces were entering Korea thirty-five years ago, Japan was under the leadership of shrewd, far­ sighted statesmen of the old school. They knew that they were in need of the moral and material support of the great nations of the West and dared not do anything that would arouse indignation or suspicion against them. They took great pains to make friends with all foreigners, missionaries, newspapermen, and others, and to such an extent that most of the foreigners openly supported them in their efforts to bring Korea under their domination. When they succeeded in that, the Japanese employed all sorts of underhanded schemes, by which means they gradually got rid of all the foreigners. If they had made use of this slow process in their China campaign，they would have succeeded in keeping the American people unsuspecting and unprepared.

The Japanese，however，like all other militarists，believed that force was a short cut to success，and set out to prove it. As a result, the bombing raids upon unprotected civilian sectors in China revealed to the American people，perhaps for the first time，the real purpose of the Japanese army，while the wanton destruction of the lives and property of foreigners in China served as an eye-opener to Americans，who began to see the real Japanese menace threatening the peace of the Pacific. The growing sympathy for China and suspicion of Japan in America gradually crystallized into a national policy of giving China all the material support needed in her life or death struggle against Japan. Thus American material help steadily found its way to the Chungking government，enabling them to keep up their resistance and also encouraging and helping the morale of the Chinese armies. Naturally，anti-American feeling among the Japanese also has been considerable.

Meanwhile，Hitler，on the other side of the world，also failed to score a quick success in his London raids. Contrary to the Fuehrer’s prediction of the fall of London at the beginning of autumn，1940， the British，unlike the French，refused to collapse. There，again，it was American material support which enabled the British to continue their fight with greater vigor and determination. Thus the Germans and Japanese find themselves face to face with the United States. From their standpoint，then，it is the United States that stands in their way，of course. Under these circumstances，it is perfectly natural for the United States to furnish munitions and war supplies for the Chinese and Koreans to fight the Japanese in the Far East，and to give similar help to the British against the Germans，thus keeping America’s first lines of defense far away from her shores. Is it not the policy of wisdom to keep war away from the American door rather than to fight on the American doorstep?

The United States，fully aware of the situation，turned over to Great Britain fifty old destroyers in exchange for the lease of defense bases in some of the British colonial possessions in the Western hemisphere. At the same time，an American loan of $25，000，000 to China was a manifestation of the fact that the American government and the American people had come to a realization of the impending danger.

The Axis group has been co-operating in a sort of loose alliance. Knowing that Americans were still endeavoring to remain out of war， they have constantly played on that p이icy with veiled threats，hoping thus to frighten America into cutting off aid to Britain and China. On September 26，1940，The Japan Times suggested a plan for settlement of Pacific problems on the basis of a triple alliance among the United States，Japan，and German, with the following comment: “Japan is finally convinced that the United States stands unalterably opposed to her legitimate expansion in the Orient and she can be expected to give Germany active support if America enters the European war."

Japan finally decided to take all the risks in pursuing her “Greater East Asia" policy by making a formal alliance with Berlin and Rome on September 27，1940. She gambled on Germany’s winning the war before the United States could be ready. The pact was meant as a warning to the United States. Article III states that Japan，Germany， and Italy undertake to assist one another with all political，economic， and military means when one of the three contracting parties is attacked by a power not at present involved in the European war or in the Sino-Japanese conflict. Article N states: “'Any state that attempts to interfere in the closing phase of the wars which seek a solution of European problems or those of Eastern Asia will run afoul of the combined determined forces of 250，000，000 people’: It is significant that Japan’'s usual phrase of “East Asia" is now “Greater East Asia." How soon will the latter change again? Each new term brings Japan nearer to America.

Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka，in a broadcast on October 10，1940，declared:

"I wish earnestly that such a powerful nation as the United States and all other nations at present neutral do not become involved in the European war or come by any chance into conflict with Japan because of the China incident or otherwise. Such an eventuality，with all the possibility of bringing awful catastrophe upon humanity，is enough to make one shudder，if one stops to imagine the consequences."

Prince Konoe said to newspapermen on October 6，1940:

"The question of peace or war in the Pacific will be decided by whether the United States and Japan understand and respect each other’s positions. If the United States recognizes Japan's leadership in East Asia, Japan would recognize United States leadership of the Americas. If the United States refuses to understand the real intention of Japan，Germany， and Italy in concluding an alliance for positive co-operation in creating a new world order，and persist in challenging those powers in the belief that the accord is a hostile action，there will be no other course open to it than to go to war."

In reference to Article m ，which may compel the Japanese navy to attack the United States，he said，“In such case，Japan would cut off American supplies，and force the United States to take an offensive under disadvantageous conditions."

The nationalist leader，Seigo Nakano，said in Nichi Nichi:

"If the United States refuses to send oil，we should obtain it in the Netherland lndies and Malaya，and suppress zinc and tin shipments to America. If the United States resorts to force，we must meet the attack in the western Pacific."

Thus Japan，almost in desperation，burst into open intimidation as a last resort. She had employed this method constantly in the past， though not so boldly and menacingly，and had always been rewarded with magical success. Such stock phrases as “great eventualities" and “grave consequences，"which her diplomats and propagandists used with gusto in former times，were not strong enough on this occasion. Therefore，both the Premier and the Foreign Minister，for the first time in the history of American-Japanese diplomacy，openly and officially asserted，in the form of newspaper interviews，that Japan “would declare war on the United States." This direct intimidation produced an adverse effect in America. Of course，and as usual， pro-Japanese elements in the United States used this reaction as an occasion publicly to criticize the government for “dragging the United States into war." But the general public was indignant，and some called it “an open insult/' while others referred to it as a “virtual ultimatum': From the standpoint of America’'s national defense ，the action of the Tokyo-Berlin gangsters in shaking their fists at America from the East and the West at the same time was probably just the thing some Americans needed to open their eyes to the facts. Those who had a vague idea of Germany’'s ultimate design to attack the Western hemisphere，but still refused to believe Japan had any such ambition，now began to give whole-hearted support to the national defense program. This conviction of the inevitability of an ultimate United States-Japanese clash，together with the rising tide of anger in America against Japanese incidents in China，convinced most Americans that “the sooner we have a two-ocean navy the better."

Ⅲ JAPAN READY TO UNMASK HERSELF

Soon after the Japanese army had completed its invasion of Manchuria，followed by the inauguration of a puppet regime，the whole Japanese nation was profoundly stirred by the demand for revision of the naval treaty with the United States and Great Britain. The government and the people were all one in this demand，and were so clamorous and obstreperous in making it heard that there was no mistaking the meaning of the widely circulated statement that “the years 1935-1936 were to be the most critical in the history of the Island Empire.'’

What did all this mean? Why the “crisis"?

It meant simply this:

The years 1935-1936 would be the time when Japan’s secret preparations for war would reach their peak，and when Japan would unmask herself and take the world by surprise. In other words，her material preparations，which took many years’ hard，secret work， were about to be completed，and the nation should now be mentally and spiritually prepared to see it through when the time came. Every Japanese understood it clearly and was expecting something significant to be put under way during these years. Therefore, the question of the revision of the naval treaty was taken up as a preliminary step toward the final showdown.

The 1921 Washington Conference，which decreed the 5-5-3 naval ratio，with the London revision of 1931 to 10-10-7，was to be either renewed or revised again at the end of 1936. Beginning in 1933，three years before the expiration of the term of the treaty，the Japanese government started a nation-wide agitation which resulted in demanding the revision of the ratio formula. The contention was that the treaty was unfair and discriminatory，and，therefore，an insult to the Japanese people. The whole nation clamored that Japan should have either a naval status equal to that of the United States and Britain or be released from any restriction.

This was，of course，a sudden change in attitude. If the treatγ was really unfair and discriminatory，why did Japan agree to the terms in 1921 and again in 1931? Or，to put it in reverse order，if the Japanese failed to see the unfairness of the ratio when they were signing the treat까 what caused them to see the unfairness of it now? The answer to these questions will reveal what had been considered by foreign observers as an open secret.

So far as the United States and Great Britain were concerned, their naval construction plans remained the same as in 1921，but in Japan，in 1933，the situation was vastly different. At the time of the Washington and London Conferences，Japan was still in the process of her secret preparations for war; but in 1933 her preparations were about to reach completion and she wanted to rid herself of any international entanglements which might hamper her. A brief review of the situation will make it clear.

When the 5-5-3 formula was agreed upon in 1921，the Japanese delegates at first protested for the sake of form，and then acquiesced as if out of good sportsmanship. In fact，they were the happiest and most successful group in the whole conference. Their successes were twofold. To win the honor of being one of the three greatest naval powers in the world was a great step forward，which would cater to the overweening pride of the Japanese race. And to set up a ratio which would keep her two rival powers from increasing their naval strength beyond the given limit was an unexpected victory for Japan, which fell into her lap like a windfall. She would never be able to build a navy second to none，even if she had to exhaust her treasury in a building race with the United States and Great Britain. But she could manage to maintain a secret reservation under which she could build all she desired，without open violation of the treaty. With this mental reservation，the poker-faced diplomats went home from Washington in high spirits.

The Japanese kept their factories，arsenals，and navy yards going at full blast，more or less covertly，in a feverish attempt to outbuild their Occidental rivals. The Western world，naively confident that the naval agreement would prevent Japan from excessive buildings， paid no attention. Later on，some keen observers in the West now and then demanded an international inquiry into Japan’s covert preparation for war，but each time the Tokyo militarists came out boldly with indignant statements that such an inquiry would be regarded as an insult to the proud Samurai race，and the world remained silent.

Nevertheless，there were certain groups of people in America who were fully aware of what was going on behind Nippon’'s mask. The Japanese strategists knew that these groups must be sidetracked and their reports discredited. This was to be done by the combined efforts of diplomats and propagandists. They handled the situation skillfully. America heard or read everywhere such slogans as “Japan wants peace," "War between Japan and the United States is absurd," "There are jingoists and alarmists in Japan and the United States， but Japan hates these warmongers，"etc. The world was fed on these statements so constantly that if anyone ventured to reveal Japan’s well-concealed war scheme，he was severely censured as a trouble maker. The peace-loving citizens of America would rather suspect and criticize the policies and motives of their own government，true to democratic principles，than to suspect and criticize those of a foreign government. “If Japan demands naval parity，" they would say, "it is because of the unfairness of the ratio idea imposed upon her by ourselves and Great Britain，and we should not suspect her."

Thus Americans unintentionally cultivated the American public mind for foreign propaganda statements like that of Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura，which is typical of many. In his article on "Japan’s Demand for Naval Equality," published in the Foreign Affairs magazine January，1935，he said，in substance，that the ratio limit in capital ships was decidedly a blow to the self-respect of the Japanese people，who look upon it as a stigma of inferiority. Japan, in her Far Eastern position，cannot accept it，because it deprives her of armaments necessary for the execution of her policy of maintaining peace in the Orient. He said，further，that therefore this ratio should be abolished，thus giving Japan a position of equality with other powers. Then she would be content with the minimum of armaments adequate to guarantee her national security. If the powers should insist on keeping Japan in an inferior position，the Japanese people would resent it as strongly as the continued enjoyment of extraterritoriality by foreigners was resented in the early years of Meiji.

In this article，the admiral stated that Japan objected to the ratio because it gave her an inferiority complex and also because it jeopardized her national security. He indicated not the slightest inkling of further expansion of Japan，of the projected conquest of China，or of the campaign against foreigners，all of which were in Japan's military program. Anyone who reads that article today can see readily that the admiral purposely treated this part of the program as a military secret，and in 1935 everyone took his statement at its face value.

While Japanese admirals and diplomats were thus creating world opinion in their favor，they kept on building their navy until the time of the proposed London Naval Conference，when they had 154 under-age warships totaling 998，208 tons. This exceeded in number America's ninety-one ships，totaling 743，300 tons. A.t the time Britain had fifty new ships under construction，totaling 165，350 tons， America was constructing eighty-four ships，totaling 280，150 tons, and Japan only forty，totaling 115，807 tons. This comparison was based only on the figures that were made public. There was no way for other powers to ascertain how many more ships，in addition to the forty，Japan was constructing under cover. And even if her figures were correct，Japan had only 2,078 tons more to build to attain the treaty limit by the end of 1936，while Britain would have had to build 90,697 tons and America 71,135 tons to reach their treaty limits. When Japan went into conference she had，in effect, "the world's best navy," according to United States naval experts. No longer satisfied even with this favorable comparison，Japan was determined to make her navy "second to none."

During the celebration in 1935 of the anniversary of Admiral Togo's defeat of the Russian fleet at Port Arthur in 1904，the Japanese Navy Department published a pamphlet saying:

"With present modernization，navies are enabled to come to the Orient from any distance with their whole power. Without a superior power in control of Oriental waters，Japan cannot maintain peace in the Far East.... However，some other powers，with a century of Eastern influence，do not understand Japan’'s position. These powers desire to continue their influence，hence they need strong naval power as a background，making the solution of disarmament most difficult.... Now， since Japan is able to maintain peace in the Orient alone，the powers should intrust peace maintenance to Japan. It has become a national belief that Japan is the only stabilizing power in the Orient."

Such propaganda statements as quoted above，coupled with persistent demands for a revision of the naval ratio，finally led to the Five Power parley called to meet in London on December 9，1935，although the term of the existing ratio was not to expire until the end of 1936.

On December 12，the four powers，Britain，France，Italy, and the United States，flatly rejected demands made by the Japanese delegation for a navy “second to none." This quartet of nations，together with Japan，constituted the conference. Japan's bid for a single standard which should be applied to all nations indiscriminately，regardless of defense requirements，was rebuffed by all the Western powers，whose common stand was supported by all the British dominions.

The British took the lead in objecting to the Japanese proposal. Norman H. Davis ，chief of the American delegation，stressed in his speech the following points:

1. The proposed plan would cause an enormous increase in naval construction rather than a decrease.

2. Absolute parity did not take into consideration the difference in naval needs of the powers concerned，that is，Britain's far-flung empire and the extensive coast lines of the United States in contrast with Japan's comparatively smaller areas.

3. The adoption of this new plan would upset the equilibrium established by the Washington treaty and upheld by the London Conference，and the United States could find no reason in the international situation for such a change.

On the following day，December 13，all four delegations said no， and the Japanese walked out，just as another Japanese group had walked out in Geneva three years before.

The Japanese newspaper Asahi said in an editorial on December 14, 1935:

“If the London Naval Conference collapses，the United States must shoulder the blame; America is trying to acquire offensive strength. The United States proved herself the greatest opponent to the Japanese plan. This attitude is not surprising in view of British and American world policies."

All this propaganda was purely for American consumption. The vernacular papers had different versions for their home markets.

Every statement they issue for the outside world has a special point upon which they hammer. The average reader does not see it. He reads what the newspaper says，and feels that the United States is unfair. As he begins to feel it，“We are not working in earnest for peace but are trying to get too much power，and that is how we shall get into trouble with Japan." This is just the impression the Japanese propagandists seek to create in America，and thus has Japan been leading and misleading American public opinion. The best guide for the average reader of newspaper statements coming from Japan is to compare them with Japanese actions. The very fact that their words and deeds do not agree is evidence that their statements are inconsistent. The remarkable fact is that a gullible and credulous world does not stop to check them but swallows them whole. One does not have to travel far into history to discover this falsification. Take any of the Japanese statements made four or five years ago on an international issue and compare them with what is happening in Asia today. No harmony or consistency will be found.

As an answer to the question，“Why doesn't America let Japan have what she wants?" the following excerpts from an article by Fletcher Pratt，published in The American MercuryJanuary，1937, briefly explain the great issues that are involved:

"It is about time to say publicly what every naval man has known in private for the last ten years-that the Japanese navy has been cheating on warship building ever since 1924. The facts are these: the Japanese have constructed 10，000-ton cruisers which are in fact pocket battleships，light cruisers that are in fact 10,000 tonners，destroyers over the naval treaty quotas，and defensive submarines which can operate off the Panama Canal from Japan without refuelling.

“...These particulars are merely an explanation why the American and British admirals were so reluctant to agree at London on that ‘common upper level' of naval strength which seems so reasonable a demand. The official explanation has been that the common upper limit would give Japan so decisive a naval superiority in the Western Pacific that America would be unable to maintain her hold on the Philippines and her trade interests in China; and the incontrovertible answer has been that America has no business in the Philippines and her trade interests in China are insignificant. But actually the case is far stronger-the admirals have learned that Japan refuses to be bound by anything that does not suit her convenience，and a naval treaty that accorded parity to Japan would actually mean Japanese naval superiority， not in the Western Pacific，but off the coast of California. And Japanese superiority in these waters is nothing to be contemplated with equanimity by anyone who is aware of the fact that America has given the Orientals causes of grievance which they feel as keenly as they did the Russian theft of Port Arthur....

“The real emergence of Japan，however，as a consistent and energetic violator of navallimitation engagements dates from the fatuous London Conference of 1931...."

"...It seems impossible to escape the conclusion that the Japanese built the number and size of destroyers they wanted and then arbitrarily announced tonnages to fit the treaty figures."

Their military preparations completed, the Japanese threw off the mask to let the world know that they were no longer the polite, docile, bowing people they were in the time of Commodore Perry’s visits, but are now a people whom the whole world must respect and fear. However, this did not mean that they would reveal their secret military program in advance. That would never do. It would be suicidal. They would rather complete all their plans behind the curtain, so that when they were ready for action they could take the world by surprise. 50 it is by action, not by word, that Japan would unveil her true self. Until then she would keep the outside world ignorant of her intentions.

In spite of all her camouflaging, there were many people in America who knew what Japan was about to attempt. The late United States Senator Key Pittman was one of them. He had the courage to voice his conviction. In an address given in Las Vegas, Nevada, December 19, 1935, Senator Pittman said:

“Sooner or later) the United States will be faced with the necessity of fighting for its very existence，and if we wait too long，the outcome will be much in doubt. What are we going to do，if they [the Japanese] grab the Philippines，which is almost sure to come? Will we retreat or will we stand and fight?"

This startling statement came like a bolt from the blue, not only to peaceful, complacent news readers in America, but also to the Japanese militarists themselves. The excited Tokyo officials promptly replied in sharp, cutting words. Tart-tongued foreign office spokesman, Eiji Amau, said:

“The senator cannot know much about the Orient. His arguments are not worthy of serious consideration. We are disappointed that a statesman in such a responsible position should advance them. The senator’s statements simply reveal a lack of common sense."

Hirosi Saito, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States, released an official statement declaring that the possibility of a United States-Japanese conflict is “absurd. I beg Americans," he said, “to believe me that it is the desire of Japan to maintain only the most friendly relations with the United States. We are fully conscious that war between Japan and the United States would be the greatest of folly. We are each other's best customers. The naval parity presented a problem for all naval powers, not Japan and America alone."

Among wishful thinkers in America, the Japanese replies had more influence than had the bombshell speech of the American senator. One of the Washington newspapers editorially commented:

“The senator's startling remarks are incredible. For a body which seems to believe it can keep the United States at peace more successfully than the State Department, the Senate contains an astonishingly high portion of irresponsible trouble makers."

Later events proved, however, that Ambassador Saito was farther removed from the truth than was the senator whom he attempted to refute. He was either ignorant of the facts and simply expressed his belief that his government would never attack America, which is highly improbable for an outstanding diplomat of his caliber, or he shut his eyes to the truth and followed the beaten tracks of practice laid down by all his predecessors in attempting to deceive the “ignorant," gullible West. At any rate, the “incidents" that followed cannot be called “an assured system of non-aggression and non-attack." Compared with the trifling incidents Japan used as an excuse for starting the Sino-Japanese war, as well as her previous wars, the sinking and bombing of the U.S.S. Panay was a sufficient casus belli for a declaration of war upon Japan by the United States. Was not the sinking of the steamship Lusitania one of the causes of America’'s declaration of war on Germany in 1917? That peace is still maintained between the two countries is owing, not to lack of warlike intention on the part of Japan nor to want of war-making causes on the part of the United States, but entirely to the spirit of patience and tolerance maintained by the United States through trying circumstances. The most encouraging sign emerging from these dark days is the awakening of the American people, who will no longer sit back and say, “The Japanese declare there will be no war and therefore we need not be alarmed:' If the American people had taken Senator Pittman’'s warning more seriously in 1935, and had prepared to protect American citizens and American interests even at the risk of war, America might have saved herself the Panay experience in 1937, and the necessity of evacuating many of her citizens from the Orient in 1940.

On January 16，1936，Premier Keisuke Okada stated: “I do not believe that a naval building race is coming. But the people of Japan must be prepared to meet whatever the future holds." Vice Admiral Takahashi，commander of the battle fleet，declared: “If the Japanese navy is called on to fight the combined powers of America and Great Britain，I am confident we will win，even if the ratio is ten to one."

These statements were made as government leaders and naval authorities launched an intensive publicity campaign to allay public fear of an increasing financial burden in the event of a navy race, especially with the United States.

Such a menacing attitude was bound to produce repercussions. By way of reply，Senator Pittman declared:

“Japan has presented no sound argument for maintenance of a navy larger than that of the United States. The area defended by Japan has less than a tenth of the coast line required to be protected by the United States. It is evident that Japan intends to enter upon unlimited enlargement of her fleet. Withdrawal of Japan from the naval conference makes it impossible for the United States to enter agreement with anyone for reduction of her naval program."

The Japanese，who did everything to knife the naval limitation treaties a year before the term of the treaty expired，and openly started the building race，made an overture to the United States asking for naval building limitation. Early in 1938 Japanese Foreign Minister Koki Hirota issued a statement expressing the hope that a halt would be reached in the world naval construction race “through appeals to the sense of fairness and justice among the major powers." The United States government indicated that such Japanese overtures would now be ignored.

This clever Japanese propaganda was meant to be an appeal to the American people in general, and to pacifist elements in particular, over the head of the United States government. Having failed at the London Conference to put herself on a parity with the United States on paper, Japan came to realize that she could not successfully compete with the United States in the building race. Hence the propaganda tactics and the appeal to the American people to use their "sense of fairness and justice" by keeping their government from augmenting their naval strength. Tactics of this kind had paid high dividends in the past. So long as a method pays, it will continue to be used. Americans, like others, are susceptible to blandishments, and in the practice of their own political faith are not prone to criticize foreign governments. But that same political creed permits them the utmost freedom to criticize their own government and all its acts. In their care, then, not to give offense it has become almost a social fashion, if not a habit, in America to look upon Japan as a friendly nation. The astute Nipponese diplomats know this and use it to the full.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I wish I could leave the reader with a feeling of hope and encouragement over the outlook in the Far East. But, frankly, I see no possibility that the United States and Japan can avoid conflict, or even long postpone it.

When I started to work on this volume in the winter of 1939, it still seemed possible that the United States could act in time to destroy once and for all Japan's military ambition. That was the only way for the United States to avoid war with the Japanese. With that conviction, I have repeatedly stated in the foregoing pages that the United States should employ all her power, economical, moral, and military now to check Japan in order to prevent an ultimate conflict with her.

However, to the American way of thinking, the suggestion of resorting to force in order to avert a clash sounds paradoxical or self-contradictory. The American people have been led to believe that their peace policy in the Pacific required friendship with Japan, and not force against her. This has been the guiding principle of America’s peace policy during all the past years. Now I am advocating in this volume an idea entirely contrary to this conception. No doubt it is just as hard for Americans to understand me as it is for me to understand them.

I have been consistently and persistently advocating an about face in this policy. I cannot persuade myself to see how you can escape clashing with a bully by making him stronger all the time. Is it not clear that when he becomes powerful enough to tackle you, he will surely attack you as he has already attacked and robbed every one of his weaker neighbor? Is it not equally clear, then, that your true policy should be to act quickly and keep him down by force before he grows too big, so that he can never get out of hand? This is what I meant by saying that the United States can keep out of war with Japan by using force against her while she is not in a position to impose war on America. It was made perfectly clear that should the United States fail to do this, the result would be an inevitable war.

Up to the time when the manuscript of Japan Inside Out was finished, no forcible action was taken by the United States, while the Japanese military expansion was steadily and irresistibly spreading out in every direction by leaps and bounds, until their menacing position had drawn closer than ever to the United States and its possessions. The Japanese are digging down and entrenching themselves deeper and stronger every day in and around the Pacific, ranging the points of their guns towards the defence lines of the United States.

What do you suppose they are doing all this for? They say they are doing it in order to maintain peace in the Pacific. Do they mean to say that the United States will make war on them, unless they strongly fortify themselves? They know well enough that the United States will never start a military aggression against Japan. What the Japanese mean to say is that they must make themselves so preponderantly superior that when they start an open clash with the United States, the Americans will find themselves too weak to make any successful resistance. This being the situation, what chances are there now for a peaceful solution of the Pacific problem?

Japan is engaged in a long-term program to establish hegemony over Asia, and, eventually, to dominate the world. To this end, she has ordered her whole national life, from the cradle to the grave. She has cultivated a spirit of militarism among her people and indoctrinated them with the belief that they are especially endowed of the Creator and that unremitting allegiance to the Emperor, who is of divine descent, is rewarded with a seat among the gods. It is impossible, then, from their point of view, for the Japanese to brook interference with their heaven-directed program. Every form of opposition, however innocent in intent, must be viewed with suspicion, and nations whose shadows lie athwart their path must be destroyed. He who challenges Japan insults heaven. And it is one of the great ironies of history that Japanese animosity is now directed particularly against the very nation which broke the shell of her insularity and introduced Japan to modern civilization. When, in 1854, Commodore Matthew C. Perry negotiated the treaty which marked the first step in opening Japan to foreign commerce and residence, he helped, all unwittingly to set the people of the Rising Sun into a path which later was to bring them full tilt against the American people.

The remorseless subjugation of Korea was but the beginning of Japan's invasion and conquest of the Asiatic mainland, which she euphemistically designated as a policy of “peaceful penetration." While the League of Nations was trying to make up its mind what to do to prevent it, Japan seized Manchuria and set up a puppet regime in what it was now pleased to name the State of Manchukuo. This conquest has never been recognized by the United States government.

It would require much space to narrate the successive steps of Japan’s policy of “ peaceful penetration." The world is thoroughly familiar with the undeclared war on China and, with the merciless barbarities, the Japanese armies have practiced on China’s open cities and on her defenseless citizens. The world is familiar, too, with Japan’'s intervention in Indo-China and Thailand, with her pact with the Axis powers, her agreement with Soviet Russia, her steady campaign of intimidation against the Netherlands East Indies, and with her calculated mistreatment of British and American citizens. All this is of a piece with the Japanese design, now too clearly outlined to admit of doubt.

Here, then, is Japan’s challenge, direct and defiant. It has shocked the American people into a realization of their danger. Faith in Japan’s word has changed into open distrust. We know now that she will never be moved by any consideration of justice or rights, that she will recognize no argument save that which she has used so effectively herself-the argument of force. Yosuke Matsuoka is a convincing Machiavelli.

Only short time ago, the signing of the so-called Matsuoka pact with Russia was hailed as a new tie tightening the Tokyo-Moscow-Berlin-Rome Axis. But, in fact, neither of the governments intends to honor' its signature once it becomes persuaded that a breach of the pact will serve its purpose better. All that each party hopes to accomplish by the agreement is to make the other keep the ring for the time being. This was apparent from the beginning, for despite the provisions of the instrument, the Soviets continued to give China war supplies as usual, and Japan, on her part, continued to maintain her army on the Siberian frontier. Therefore, the practical value of the pact is absolutely nil, beyond the scope of propaganda.

Japan’s diplomatic attempts to remove the danger of Russian attack from the north have thus proved unsuccessful. Meanwhile, the attitude of the United States toward Japanese aggression in China and the South Pacific areas also served to keep Tokyo in a state of disquiet. The presence of the United State fleets in Hawaii and the Philippines to protect United States nationals and their interests there added to the retarding influence on the extremists among the Japanese war lords. The views of the moderates have prevailed and they decided on a policy of watchful waiting, in the belief that something unforeseen would turn up somewhere soon. This accounts for the quiet withdrawal of Kenkichi Yoshizawa from the economic negotiations at Batavia when the Dutch East Indies authorities rebuffed Japan’s demands for “the right to share with third powers," which means the United States and Great Britain, in the economic fruits of the Netherlands East Indies. No “drastic measures” or “ punitive action" with which Tokyo papers had previously threatened the Netherlands has yet been attempted.

However, to the complete satisfaction of the Japanese, something did turn up. Like a bolt from the blue, Hitler’'s sudden declaration of war on Russia on June 22 came as a golden opportunity to the Japanese. The Nazi mechanized troops and panzers were rushed into western Russia, with the Finns and Rumanians, perforce, fightingfor them. Which side will ultimately win in this campaign I do not wish to predict. But one thing is certain: Japan will do a lot of fishing in the troubled waters. Hardly twenty-four hours had elapsed after the commencement of the Nazi-Soviet hostilities when the Japanese negotiators in Batavia, who were about to leave for home after the termination of the economic conference, turned round and demanded renewal of the negotiations, and the Netherlands East Indies authorities quietly informed them that they would supply Japan with large amounts of goods “on an informal basis." And if anyone thinks for a moment that this will be the end of Japan’s demands, he soon will be disillusioned.

It is Japan’s heaven-given opportunity to attempt another big jump in her territorial expansion. While Russia is preoccupied in her life and death struggle with the Nazi invaders, Japan will start her march of conquest in either of two directions. She may either withdraw her troops from along the Siberian frontier and combine all her forces in a South Pacific push, or march into Siberia and occupy the vast territory east of the Ural ranges. In comparison, the southward move is more tempting because the British, French, and Dutch colonies produce more of the strategic war materials of which Japan is in such need. But it also involves more risk of war with the United States. The northern expedition would be comparatively easy and all the territories of Asiatic Russia, including Outer Mongolia, Harbin, Vladivostok, Kamchatka, and the northern half of Sakhalin Island could be added to the Mikado's Empire almost with a single blow. The new possessions in the north would include all the western shore of the Bering Sea, upon which the Nipponese militarists have been casting their greedy eyes for strategic reasons. They want to build gigantic aerial bases there for the purpose of defending the Island Empire against aerial attacks from Alaska in case of war with the United States.

Which of these two courses Japan will choose to take first depends, first, on the development of the German-Russian war, and, secondly, on how far the United States will permit Japan to go in her expansion. Probabilities are that she may first move up to Siberia, because there she would find the least resistance at present. In either case, Japan will draw nearer to the United States and thus increase the danger of war.

It has been my task to present the case of Korea as an example to show that she is a victim- the first- of Japan’'s lust for power. Her destiny cannot be separated from that of the free peoples of the world, nor from the lot of those peoples who once knew freedom and have lost it for a while. At long last- perhaps sooner than we dare to hope- the democratic forces of the world will thrust the Japanese back on their islands, and peace will reign again in the Pacific. In that day; Korea will rejoin the ranks of the free and again become known as the Land of the Morning Calm.